REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Parts of the male reproductive system include
• Penis
• Testis
• Urethra
• Sperm duct
• Glands
• Male parts
• Female reproductive system
• Parts of the female reproductive include
• Ovary
• Oviduct
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vagina

• Female parts
• Functions
• Ovary-produce the ova after every 28 days
• Oviduct-where fertilisation takes place
• Uterus-where the foetus develop till maturity
• Cervix-a ring of muscle that holds the foetus to maturity
• Testis-they produce sperms
• Urethra-allow passage of sperm and urine in men

Physical changes

• In both boys and girls

• Increase in height and weight
• Hair appear in the armpit and the pubic area
• Pimples may appear on the face
• In boys only
• The voice breaks
• They experience wet dreams
• The chest broadens

• Girls only
• The breasts enlarge
• Voice become smooth
• They experience menstrual flow
• Hips broaden

Emotional changes

• They mainly affect the feelings, they include;
• Feeling shy
• Embarrassment of,
• Their height
• Enlarged breasts
• Wet dreams
• Menstrual flow
• Get moody very fast

HEALTH EDUCATION

IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE

They are diseases that a child is immunized against before they are 5 years.

• Most of the diseases are dangerous if they infect a young child.

Immunizable diseases

• They are diseases that one can be immunised against;
• Typhoid
• Yellow fever
• Meningitis
• Tuberculosis
• Measles
• Tetanus

Hiv and aids testing

• Reasons of getting tested
• To overcome fear
• To stop the spread of HIV
• To plan your future
• To start medication early
• To decide on marriage partner
• To plan for your family

• Pre-test counselling; it is the testing one receives in the VCT centre before being tested.
• Post-test counselling; it is the testing one receives in the VCT after being tested

Effects of HIV/AIDS to the country

• Reduced agricultural production
• Poor economy
• Death of skilled people
• A lot of money is spent on treatment
• Congestion in the hospitals

Effects to the family

• Sadness in the family
• Family income is spent on treatment
• Children may become orphans
• Children may drop out of school to take care of the sick parents
• The family may feel discriminated.

Effects of HIV to the individual

• Poor health
• Poor performance
• Spending of a lot of money
• Feeling stigmatized

PLANTS

PART OF A PLANT

• Main parts of a plant are;
• Roots
• Stem
• Leaves

FLOWER

• flower
• The main reproductive part of a plant is a flower.
• Parts of a flower include;
• Male part
• Female part

Functions of different parts;

Male parts

• Anthers; produce pollen grain(male cells)
• Filament; it supports the anthers

Female parts

• Stigma; receives the pollen grains
• Style; holds the stigma
• Allow the development of pollen tube
• Ovary; holds the ovules
• Develops in a fruit
• Ovule; female cell
• Develops into seeds

POLLINATION

• it is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of the same kind
• Agents of pollination include;
• Wind
• Insects
• water

Types of pollination

• There are two types;
• Self pollination-it is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of the same plant.
• Cross pollination-it is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma in different plants of the same type.

Characteristics of insect pollinated flowers

• They have nectar
• Brightly coloured
• Have big petals
• Sticky stigma
• Small amount of pollen grains

Characteristics of wind pollinated flowers

• Small in size
• Dull in colour
• Powderly pollen grains
• Produce a large amount of pollen grains
• Loosely attached filaments

Germination

• It is the change of the seed into a seedling
• Conditions necessary for germination
• Air (oxygen)
• Moisture(water)
• Warmth(temperature)
• Types of germination
• Epigeal germination; the seed comes out of the soil during germination e.g. Beans
• Hypogeal germination; the seed remains in the soil during germination e.g. maize
• Types of germination
• Hypogeal germination

Parts of a seed

• Testa
• Helum
• Micropyle
• Cotyledon
• Radical
• Plumule.

SOLAR SYSTEM

• Venus is the brightest and the hottest

• Mercury takes the shortest time to go round the sun
• Mars is known as the red planet
• Jupiter is the largest planet
• Saturn has visible rings around it.
• Asteroids are found in between mars and Jupiter
• Planets ;smallest to largest

Rotation

• it is the process in which the Earth spins on its own axis
• The Earth rotates on its own axis
• The earth takes 24 hours to make a complete rotation.
• The rotation cause day and night

Revolution

• It is the process in which the Earth moves around the sun.
• The path that is followed by the Earth as it goes around the sun is called orbit
• The Earth takes 365 ¼ days to make one complete revolution.
• Revolution causes seasons

ANIMALS

Animal Feeds

• They are classified into
• Pastures
• Fodder
• Conserved feeds
• Commercial feeds
• pasture
• They are grasses and legumes that animals feed on directly. They are classified into;
• Pure stand; only consist of either grass or legumes only
• Mixed stand; consists of both grass and legumes

Grass

• Examples of grass include;
• Kikuyu grass
• Star grass
• Giant sataria
• Rhodes grass

Legumes

• There are 4 main legumes used as pasture, they include;
• Clover
• Lucerne
• Glycine
• Desmodium.

Fodder

• They are crops that are hervestered or cut then given to the animals. examples;
• Napier grass
• Guatemala grass
• Potato vines
• Maize stalks
• Kales
• Sugar beet

Conserved feeds

• They are animal feeds that are preserved in a special way to be used in future.
• They are divided into two;
• Hay
• sillage

Hay

• It is cut and preserved by drying
• It is stored in bales

Silage

• It is harvested when it is about to flower. It is preserved by fermentation.
• It is stored when still green or in the succulent state.
• It is stored in silos
• The molasses is added to speed up fermentation.

Methods of grazing

• Rotational grazing
• Zero grazing
• herding
• Rotational grazing
• They include
• Tethering
• Paddocking
• Strip grazing

Tethering

• The animal is tied to a peg or post using a rope
• The rope allows the animal to graze within a restricted area.
• It is practised were few animals are kept

Paddocking

• The land is divided into small areas known as paddocks using a permanent fence
• A watering point is usually provided in each paddock.

Strip grazing

• The animals are enclosed in a small portion of the pasture using a temporary fence.
• An electric fence is usually used.

Zero grazing

• It is also known as stall feeding
• The animals are confined in a permanent structure (shed)
• The shed should have feeding area, watering area, sleeping area and milking area.

Herding

• It is a type of grazing where animals are allowed to graze freely on large areas of land.

Water

Waterborne Diseases

• They are diseases that are spread through contaminated water. They include:
• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Bilharzia.

Cholera

• It is caused by bacteria. it can cause death within 24 hours if not treated. It causes death through dehydration.
• Signs and symptoms
• Violent diarrhoea (rice water).
• Vomiting.
• Severe abdominal pains
• Wrinkled skin due to dehydration.
• Sunken eyeballs

Typhoid

• It mainly affects the intestines. It is also known as typhoid fever.
• Signs and symptoms
• Pain in the joints and muscles
• High fever
• Abdominal pains
• Skin rash

Bilharzia

• It is caused by bilharzia worms or blood flukes. It is carried by water snails.
• The disease mainly affect the bladder and intestines
• Bilharzia worms enter the body through the skin.
• Signs and symptoms
• Blood in urine and stool
• Coughing may occur
• Abdominal pain
• Swimmers itch
• Fever

Soil

Soil Erosion

• Soil erosion is the carrying away of the topsoil from one place to another.

Agents of soil erosion

• They are things that carry soil from one place to another. They include;
• Water
• wind

Factors that influence soil erosion

• Slope of land
• Type of soil
• Vegetation cover
• Amount of rainfall
• Human activities

Types of soil erosion

• Splash erosion
• Sheet erosion
• Rill erosion
• Gulley erosion

Splash erosion

• It occurs when raindrops fall on bare loose soil.
• It can be controlled by;
• Planting cover crops
• mulching

Sheet erosion

• It occurs when water or wind carries away thin uniform layers of the topsoil.
• It is not easily noticed
• It occurs on gentle slopes.
• Best controlled by;
• Planting cover crops
• Planting trees
• Landslides are caused by sheet erosion

Rill erosion

• It occurs when water flows down a slope and make small shallow channels. The channels are known as rills.
• it is common on gentle sloping areas.
• It can be controlled by;
• Terracing
• Contour farming
• Strip cropping

Gulley erosion

• It occurs when water make deep channels , they are known as gulleys
• Gulley erosion leads to the formation of V-shaped or U-shaped channels.
• It is common on bare hill slopes.
• It can be controlled by;
• Gabions
• Porous dams
• Check dams

Food and nutrition

Food Preservation

• It is the process of storing and handling food properly so as to stop or slow down its spoilage.
• Reason for preserving food
• To reduce food wastage
• T prevent it from being spoilt
• For easy transport
• To make food available when out of season.

Methods of food preservation

• Food preservation is classified into;
• Traditional methods
• Modern methods

Traditional methods

• They include;
• Smoking- forms a coat
• Drying- reduce moisture
• Salting- reduce moisture
• Use of honey- prevents oxygen
• Use of ash- reduce moisture

Modern methods

• Canning-killing germs and preventing oxygen
• Refrigeration- low temperature
• Freezing- low temperature
• Drying is both a traditional modern method of preserving food. It is also the cheapest method of food preservation.

Energy

Light

• How light travels
• Light travels in a straight line away from the source.
• Light travels to all directions from the source.

Transparent materials

• They are materials that allow all light to pass through them and one can see through them clearly.
• Examples:
• Clear glass
• Clear water
• air
• Uses of transparent materials
• They are used in making:
• Car windscreens
• Spectacles
• Window panes
• Lamps
• Glass walls

Translucent materials

• They are materials that allow only little light to pass through them.
• Examples:
• Frosted glass
• Tracing paper
• Oiled or waxed paper
• Uses of translucent materials
• They are used in making:
• Skylights
• Toilet and bathroom window panes
• Ambulance windows.

Opaque materials

• They are materials that do not allow any light to pass through them.
• When light hits an opaque materials a shadow is formed.
• Examples:
• Wood
• Stone
• metals

Reflection of light

• Reflection is the bouncing back of light when Materials that reflect light are called reflectors.
• Reflection happens when light hits a smooth shinny surface.

Types of reflection

• Regular reflection
• Irregular reflection(diffused)
• Regular reflection
• Irregular (diffused)
• Characteristics of the image in a plane mirror
• The image is upright
• The image is behind the mirror
• The image is the same size as the object
• The image is laterally inverted.

Refraction of light

• It is the process in which light bends or changes direction when it moves from one medium to another. (air to water)

Effects of refraction

• Objects appear bent or broken
• Objects appear bigger
• Swimming pool appear shallower
• Making a rainbow
• A rainbow is formed by the refraction of light. To be formed

raindrops and sunshine is required.

• The process of splitting light into seven different colours is known as dispersion.
• A group of seven colours in the rainbow is known as Spectrum.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Composition of air

• Air is a mixture of gases
• Air mainly consists of :
• Gases
• Water vapour
• Dust particles
• Components of air

Uses of oxygen

• Breathing ( Respiration)
• Germination
• Burning ( Combustion)
• Rusting.

Uses of carbon dioxide

• Photosynthesis
• Preserve soft drinks
• To make fire extinguishers
• Used in baking
• Used in making dry ice.

Uses of nitrogen

• Used by plants to make proteins
• Used to preserve semen
• It is taken in through the roots as nitrates. Leguminous plants are able to convert nitrogen to nitrates.

Uses of inert gases

• They include Argon, Neon, Helium and Krypton
• Used in electric bulbs and light tubes
• Used in coloured advertising signboards.
• Used in hot air balloons.

MAKING WORK EASIER

Force

• Force is a pull, push or lift.
• It is measured in Newtons (N)
• A moving object is said to be in motion while an object at rest is said to be stationary.
• Force is measured by the use of a spring balance.
• Examples of force
• Force of gravity (weight)
• Frictional force
• Magnetic force
• Inertial force

Effects of force

• Makes an object to start moving
• Stops a moving object
• Change the direction of a moving object
• Speeds up a moving object
• Change the shape of an object.